With the collapse of the ruble-based COMECON trading bloc in 1990, Poland scrambled to reorient its trade. As early as 1996, 70% of its trade was with EU members, and neighboring Germany today is Poland’s dominant trading partner. Poland joined the EU in May 2004. Before that, it fostered regional integration and trade through the […]
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Investment (gross fixed): 18.4% of GDP (2004 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
* lowest 10%: 3.2%
* highest 10%: 24.7% (1998)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 31.6 (1998)
Agriculture - products: potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork
Industrial production growth rate: 10% (2004 est.)
Electricity:
* production: 150.8 TWh (2004)
* consumption: 121.3 TWh (2004)
* exports: 15.2 TWh (2004)
* imports: 5 TWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source:
* fossil fuel: 98.1%
* hydro: 1.5%
* other: 0.4% (2001)
* nuclear: 0%
Oil:
* production: 17,180 barrel/day (2001 est.)
* consumption: 424,100 barrel/day (2001 est.)
* exports: 53,000 barrel/day (2001)
* imports: 413,700 barrel/day (2001)
* proved reserves: 116.4 million barrel (1 January 2002)
Natural gas:
* production: 5.471 billion m3 (2001 est.)
* consumption: 13.85 billion m3 (2001 est.)
* exports: 41 million m3 (2001 est.)
* imports: 8.782 billion m3 (2001 est.)
* proved reserves: 154.4 billion m3 (1 January 2002)
Current account balance: $-3.831 billion (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6% (2003)
Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9.1% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: $41.88 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external: $99.15 billion (2004 est.)
Currency exchange rates: Złoty per US dollar - 3.15 (June 2006) 3.7 (2004), 3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002), 4.0939 (2001), 4.3461 (2000). Złoty per euro 3.96 (Aug 2006)
Before World War II, Poland’s industrial base was concentrated in the coal, textile, chemical, machinery, iron, and steel sectors. Today it extends to fertilizers, petrochemicals, machine tools, electrical machinery, electronics, cars and shipbuilding.
Poland’s industrial base suffered greatly during World War II, and many resources were directed toward reconstruction. The communist economic system imposed in the late 1940s created large and unwieldy economic structures operated under a tight central command. In part because of this systemic rigidity, the economy performed poorly even in comparison with other economies in central Europe.
In 1990, the Mazowiecki government began a comprehensive reform program to replace the centralized command economy with a market-oriented system. While the results overall have been impressive, many large state-owned industrial enterprises, particularly the railroad and the mining, steel, and defense sectors, have remained resistant to the change and downsizing required to survive in a market-based economy.